| Symptom | Likely causes | First checks |
|---|---|---|
| Poor penetration on thicker steel | Using 120 V, wrong settings, or poor clamp | Move to 240 V and reset parameters |
| Birds-nesting or feed slip | Tension too high, wrong drive groove, bad tip or liner | Remove tip and verify bare-wire feed |
| Excessive spatter | Wrong polarity, poor gas, or dirty base metal | Confirm DCEP for solid wire and gas flow |
| Aluminum feed issue | Wrong gun path for soft wire | Use approved spool-gun setup |
120 V versus 240 V expectation, then standard MIG baseline, then spool-gun and aluminum branch.